Amnesty International has accused Israel of committing war crimes during the war in the Gaza Strip this summer, saying it displayed "callous indifference" in attacks on family homes in the densely populated coastal area.
The Gaza war left more than 2,100 Palestinians dead, including many civilians, according to Palestinian and UN officials.
Israel said the number of militants killed was much higher and accused Hamas of using civilians as human shields.
On the Israeli side, 66 soldiers and six civilians were killed.
Amnesty said in a report that “Israeli forces killed scores of Palestinian civilians in attacks targeting houses full of families, which in some cases have amounted to war crimes”.
Israel’s foreign ministry rejected the report’s findings, saying the London-based rights group “ignores documented war crimes perpetrated by Hamas”.
The ministry added: “The report does not mention the word terror in relation to Hamas or other armed Palestinian groups, nor mentions tunnels built by Hamas to infiltrate Israel and perpetrate terror attacks.”
Israel launched the Gaza operation in early July in response to increasing rocket attacks on Israeli cities by the coastal area's militant Palestinian Hamas rulers.
The operation followed a crackdown by Israeli forces in the West Bank, where troops arrested scores of Hamas members, in response to the kidnapping and killing of three teenage Israelis in June by Hamas operatives.
Several weeks later, Jewish extremists kidnapped and burned a Palestinian teenager to death in east Jerusalem in an apparent revenge attack.
The summer war was the fiercest conflict between the two sides in years.
Philip Luther, director of Amnesty's Middle East and North Africa programme, said: "Israeli forces have brazenly flouted the laws of war by carrying out a series of attacks on civilian homes, displaying callous indifference to the carnage caused."
During the 50 days of fighting, Hamas fired thousands of rockets and mortars at Israeli towns and cities, including Tel Aviv, and used a sophisticated tunnel network to carry out attacks on Israeli military encampments in southern Israel, close to the Gaza border.
Some of the tunnels also had exits abutting Israeli civilian communities, giving Hamas the ability to attack them as well.
For its part, Israeli forces carried out sustained aerial, artillery and infantry attacks in Gaza, many of which the Amnesty report found to be indiscriminate.
Israel said the military was as careful as possible to avoid civilian casualties citing its system of providing warnings to civilians that strikes on their buildings were coming, whenever possible.
It argues that the heavy civilian death toll is Hamas’ fault, accusing the Islamic militant group of launching rockets from school yards, residential areas and mosques.
Mr Luther said: “The report exposes a pattern of attacks on civilian homes by Israeli forces which have shown a shocking disregard for the lives of Palestinian civilians, who were given no warning and had no chance to flee.”
PA