More than an hour later some 270 miles above Earth, the cluster of satellites – part of a system called Starlink – pushed off from the rocket that carried it to orbit. The individual satellites slowly began to drift toward their singular journeys above the planet. If successful the devices could be turned on sometime tomorrow.
SpaceX hopes that by next year hundreds of the devices will be circling the planet, beaming high-speed internet service everywhere. It could allow SpaceX to enter a new business that might generate revenue to finance the dream of sending people to Mars.
It was the third attempt to launch the Starlink system after two postponements last week.
SpaceX – which usually ferries cargo to orbit for Nasa or private companies – was its own customer this time. And the Falcon 9 rocket was not carrying just one satellite but 60 identical ones.
Elon Musk, the company's founder and chief executive, posted pictures of the satellites on Twitter earlier this month. If all goes as planned, the devices will form a constellation of satellites offering internet to almost anywhere on Earth.
The 30,000lb payload was SpaceX's biggest ever, Musk said. He added that these satellites would be able to relay information by bouncing the data off a ground station. However, they lack a component planned for future versions: lasers that would allow the satellites to relay information to each other.
Each of the flat-panel satellites weighs about 500lb and is powered by a single solar array. During their deployment they moved steadily outward from a slowly spinning core. “It will almost seem like spreading a deck of cards on a table,” Musk said.
Musk sounded a note of caution. “There is a lot of new technology here. It’s possible that some of these satellites may not work. In fact, it’s possible, a small possibility, that all of the satellites may not work.”
Geostationary satellites
A number of companies provide satellite internet using geostationary satellites 22,200 miles above the surface. At that altitude the time for the satellite to complete an orbit is exactly one day and thus it remains over the same spot on Earth as the planet rotates at the same rate.
That makes it straightforward for one satellite to provide internet for a swath of the surface below, but current services have drawbacks. They are not available everywhere and they are usually fairly expensive.
Because the signals travel so far, the performance can be laggy. That does not matter if you are watching a movie on Netflix, but it becomes excruciating when playing an online game that relies on fast reflexes.
The Starlink satellites will orbit much lower – between 210 and 710 miles above the surface. That reduces the lag or latency. SpaceX has said performance should be comparable to ground-based cable and optical fibre networks that carry most internet traffic today. Starlink would provide high-speed internet to parts of the world that are largely cut off from the modern digital world.
Because the satellites are lower, they travel faster so Starlink has to provide a constellation of satellites whizzing around the planet. When one satellite moves away from one of its customers another one must come into view in order to provide a continuous internet connection.
Mark Juncosa, vice-president for vehicle engineering at SpaceX, said that with 12 additional launches SpaceX could provide good coverage over the US, 24 launches would put enough satellites to cover most populated areas and 30 would cover the entire world.
If Starlink is successful, more satellites would be added to send and receive greater volumes of data.
Musk first announced his satellite plans in 2015 when the company opened an engineering campus near Seattle. He said the system would cost between $10 billion and $15 billion to create – perhaps more – but that it would bring significant revenue to SpaceX.
Starlink's competitors include OneWeb, Telesat and Blue Origin, the rocket company started by Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon.
Giant spacecraft
For Musk’s dream of sending people to Mars he is developing a giant spacecraft called Starship. He noted that SpaceX’s rocket-launching business might grow to about $3 billion a year. By contrast, internet revenue could bring in $30 billion a year for the company, Musk said.
“We see this as a way for SpaceX to generate revenue that can be used to develop more and more advanced rockets and spaceships,” Musk said. “We think this is a key stepping stone on the way to establishing a self-sustaining city on Mars and a base on the moon.”
Musk acknowledges that history is full of companies dragged into financial ruin by attempting to build ambitious constellations of communications satellites. “I believe none have successfully gone into operation without going bankrupt. I do believe we will be successful, but it is far from a sure thing.”
There are about 2,000 operational satellites around Earth. That number will multiply as constellations like Starlink are deployed.
“A majority of the satellites in orbit will be SpaceX,if things go according to plan,” Musk said. “That is a big if, of course.”
Space debris
The worry is what happens when satellites die. The proliferation of satellites will greatly increase the risks of collisions, and the many pieces of debris would in turn pose danger to other satellites. Musk said each Starlink satellite would possess data on orbits on all known pieces of space debris and automatically steer away from any that might cross its path.
With so many satellites there will also be much more debris falling from space in the coming years.
SpaceX said that 95 per cent of a Starlink satellite would burn up on re-entry, but that would still mean that about 25 pounds of debris – in particular an ion thruster that is part of the propulsion system and steel reaction wheels that keep the spacecraft pointed in the correct direction – would reach the surface.
In a letter to the Federal Communications Commission on March 13th, the company said that it had changed the design so that future versions of the satellites would be entirely destroyed during re-entry.
The chances of any one crashing satellite hurting or killing someone are small; the danger to you individually is negligible. But adding up the risks of tens of thousands of satellites to the 7.5 billion people on Earth, the probability of someone being hurt somewhere becomes more significant. – The New York Times News Service (additional reporting: Bloomberg)
