It may be better known as the city of light and of love, but Paris is also - and all too often - the city of pee, and consequently of pong.
But the French capital has a new weapon in its longstanding battle against “pipi sauvage”, or “wild peeing”, the time-honoured if technically prohibited practice of urinating in the street, and its unsavoury accompanying odours.
The Uritrottoir, a large box with an opening at the front topped with an attractive floral display, has the added bonus of making public peeing not just more civilised, but also eco-friendly.
The miniature garden sits on top of a closed bin containing dry straw, sawdust or wood chips that - with the passing of time and water - will be transformed into compost that can be used in parks and gardens.
The organic material has a high carbon content, which will dramatically reduce the smell from the urine.
"We're making compost, a fertiliser, so it's a circular economy. We're re-using two waste products, straw and urine, to make something that makes plants grow," said Laurent Lebot, who designed the Uritrottoir with his colleague Victor Massip, from the firm Faltazi.
The product comes in two sizes. The designers estimate - based on an average 450ml per pee - that the larger model will absorb the output of some 600 users, while the smaller one should hold 300.
Coated with a bright red, graffiti-resistant paint and costing between €500 to €600, both types are fitted with an electronic monitoring system that sends a signal when the compost needs collecting.
A corner-shaped version is also available.
SNCF public railways have installed two Uritrottoirs in one of Paris's most notorious public-peeing blackspots, outside the Gare de Lyon, with the trial set to be expanded to other stations and possibly streets across the city if it is successful.
“It’s a terrible problem for the SNCF,” Mr Lebot told LCI television.
“People going home from a night out, relieving themselves before they get on the train? It smells bad and costs a fortune in cleaning. And neighbours complain.”
Three more devices are on trial in the designers' home city of Nantes in western France, Massip said, adding that the design had evolved from an earlier device made for summer rock festivals.
Public toilets
In its effort to stem the flow, Paris has installed some 400 self-contained, self-cleaning, unisex public toilets known as Sanisettes, which have been free to use since 2006.
It also employs a small army of street sanitation workers who disinfect and deodorise thousands of square metres of walls and footpaths every month.
But despite their best efforts, the urine seeps into the city’s stone and the smell lingers, particularly in summer.
Mr Lebot said all sorts of other possible solutions had been tried, from hydrophobic paints to metal sheeting, but nothing really worked.
“Drunk blokes just keep pissing,” he said. “People may laugh at our solution, but it could just work.”
He conceded, however, that the Uritrottoir was not the complete answer.
“We had thought this was mainly a problem involving men,” he said. “But it seems not.
“We haven’t solved the problem in its entirety. For women, the solution isn’t so simple.”
Guardian service