It was a scene of incredible carnage. In July 2003, a recently re-armed rebel group, Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, resumed its two-month siege of the capital, Monrovia, fighting to wrest control of the country from President Charles Taylor. Child soldiers were fighting on both sides, in an area filled with civilians.
In the battle known locally as "World War III", the young soldiers fighting for the rebels were armed with what The Economist called "shiny new toys", with which they had no experience. The fighting left hundreds of civilians dead and another 2,000 injured.
One of the companies ferrying the arms to neighbouring Guinea to be distributed to the Liberian rebels was Katex Mines Guinee, according to a panel of United Nations experts. Katex Mines was one of several Katex companies that have operated across West Africa and Europe in the construction, plastics, gas and brick industries.
HSBC Private Bank (Suisse) was Katex Mines Guinee's banker at the time, and it continued to provide the company with financial services even after the UN fingered the company as a "possible provider of weapons" to Liberian rebels. According to files obtained by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists and Le Monde, the account was opened by February 2001. At some point in 2006, the year in which it was closed, the account balance reached $7.14 million.
Katex Mines Guinee is not the only HSBC account linked to conflict across Africa, according to the data.
Financial conduit
HSBC Private Bank, operating out of famously neutral
Switzerland
, was a financial conduit for business operators and criminals who fuelled and financed some of Africa’s bloodiest wars and most corrupt arms deals.
For HSBC, the men and women behind these conflicts were lucrative clients; collectively, the accounts of people linked to arms trafficking and corrupt weapons contracting in at least seven African countries held balances in 2006 or 2007 that totalled more than $56 million.
HSBC has acknowledged that its Swiss private bank previously lacked appropriate compliance cultures and standards of due diligence. “Today”, the bank told ICIJ in a letter, “the Management team in Switzerland . . . is substantially different to the period before 2011”.
In 2000, after a series of controversial loans, HSBC adopted tough anti-weapons financing measures. The new policy, still in force, stated: “We do not provide financial services for transactions for the purchase of other weapons” such as guns or missiles. But the policy did not prevent the bank from operating accounts for clients involved in arms trafficking and conflict. HSBC did so even when that involvement had been revealed in news articles, investigations and UN reports.
While some of HSBC’s accounts associated with alleged arms dealers were eventually blocked, others remained active. None of the individuals involved in the accounts above responded to a request by ICIJ for comment.
"These kinds of dealers or brokers use the cover of legitimate business to violate UN sanctions and other countries' laws," Kathi Austin, an expert on arms trafficking and executive director of the Conflict Awareness Project, said in an interview with ICIJ. The clearest case in which HSBC failed to stop dealing with an alleged arms trafficker was that of Katex Mines Guinee, directed by Ahmad Fouzi Hadj. At one point in 2005, HSBC blocked the account for unspecified compliance reasons, but the documents ICIJ obtained show that Hadj and the bank continued their relationship until September 2006.
At the time of the uprising in Liberia, the government of Guinea, the neighbouring Western African nation where Katex operated, had long been suspected of supporting Liberian rebels. In July 2002, Guinea's ministry for urban affairs and Habitat signed a $35 million contract with Katex for the construction of homes and warehouses. The money was transferred to Katex's HSBC account in Geneva.
UN expert observers investigated Katex shipments from November 8th, 2002, to August 5th, 2003, including a shipment to the ministry of defence on June 30th, just before the siege in Liberia. Their report to the UN Security Council said a Ukrainian-based airline delivered the shipment on flights that originated in Ukraine. UN observers established weapons were loaded in Tehran, Iran.
“The panel understands that Katex has imported weapons and ammunition during the last 10 months,” the report said, adding the observers suspected arms dealing when they saw green wooden boxes labelled “detergent” imported by Katex on the Ukrainian airline, being loaded on to military trucks.
Broker
In a November 2003 report, Human Rights Watch reported allegations that Guinea’s ministry of defence used Katex Mines “as a broker for military procurement”, citing a bill of lading for mortar shells with Katex’s name on it. The UN experts had reported special forces attached to the presidency of Guinea and known as the Red Berets were guarding Katex’s offices in Guinea’s capital, Conakry.
And, it noted, “Further confirmation was obtained from diplomatic sources that weapons had been transported by truck from Katex Mine[s] Guinea to Koyama and Macenta,” near the border with Liberia.
The civil war officially ended only a month after the 2003 “World War III” battle in Monrovia.
Hadj's career is an odd mix of acclaim and criminal convictions. Born in Syria in the town of Qamishli near the border with Turkey, he emigrated to Italy.
He amassed a fortune and acquired with his wife at least seven houses and villas, one Monte Carlo hotel and a restaurant by 2006, according to Italian investigators. Katex Mines Guinee, one of four Guinea-based Katex companies but which does not appear to operate any mines within the country, was founded in 1998 and imported agricultural products and industrial machinery into the West African nation, according to Human Rights Watch. Hadj also has had a string of investigations and criminal convictions, starting in the 1990s.
In 2004, when he was HSBC’s client, prosecutors in Monte Carlo opened an investigation into Hadj on money-laundering charges. The outcome of the investigation is not known.
Details of Hadj's work in Guinea began to emerge through an investigation by Italian police into an allegedly fraudulent bankruptcy of Katex Italy Sàrl, a Katex subsidiary that traded in industrial pipes and which allegedly hid $12.5 million dollars from authorities. Hadj was convicted on bankruptcy fraud charges and sentenced to six years in prison in 2013, which Hadj is now appealing. The Italian newspaper La Repubblica reported in July of that year that Hadj had left Italy and was living in Ukraine.
In 2014, Hadj received a seven-month suspended sentence for illegally financing a former Italian mayor’s election campaign in 2007. In November 2014, Hadj was sentenced to another six years for fraudulent bankruptcy of the Lucchese football club, of which Hadj was the chairman between 2005 and 2008.
Bribery trail
During the Katex Italy bankruptcy investigation, Italian authorities tapped phones of Hadj and his colleagues and made transcripts of the conversations, copies of which have been made available to ICIJ. The conversations reveal details of Hadj’s global business dealings, including his close relationship with Guinea’s leader and references to bribery.
On a call on May 5th, 2005, he talked with a colleague about a payment to "the old man," a common term of respect in francophone West Africa; Italian investigators believe this to be a reference to the former president of Guinea, Lansana Conté, who died in 2008. In the same call, Hadj congratulates a Katex colleague on making bribe payments of $3 million to the Governor of the Central Bank of Guinea and to Conté but concedes "we should not always behave like this."
A military junta seized power following Conté’s death in 2008, committing mass human rights abuses, including the 2009 massacre of hundreds of men and rape of dozens of women inside a sports stadium. Democracy returned to Guinea following elections in 2010, although the country remains one of Africa’s poorest nations and has been at the epicentre of West Africa’s Ebola outbreak.
Throughout the turmoil that followed Conté’s death, Katex’s work in Guinea continued. A company representative attended the 2009 opening of a $7 million arms depot built by Katex, according to media reports.
“It is a real pleasure for me to serve the [junta],” said the Katex representative.
