Japan's economy shrank in the last quarter at its fastest rate since the first oil crisis in 1974, hit by an unprecedented slump in exports, and economists warned there was little sign of any improvement for now.
Japan's heavy dependence on exports and persistently soft domestic consumption has led to a sharper contraction than other major economies, despite it escaping much direct fall out from US credit woes.
Group of Seven (G7) policymakers pledged at the weekend to do all they could to combat recession while in Japan there is growing debate about how much the heavily indebted government can do to stimulate the economy.
Japan's economy shrank 3.3 per cent, or an annual rate of 12.7 per cent in the fourth quarter of 2008 - three times the fall in gross domestic product in the same quarter in the United States, at the epicentre of the global crisis.
With exporters cutting production and laying off staff and many retailers reporting sharp falls in sales, economists saw little hope of a bounce back for Japan.
Worried by sliding US Treasuries and reports that the heavily indebted Japanese government may be planning further big stimulus spending, March 10-year government bond futures fell a third of a point.
"There's no question that this is the worst recession in the post-war period," economics minister Kaoru Yosano told a news conference. The government had to pursue all options to keep the economy afloat, he said, but he struck a cautious note on large scale spending, saying it could not get "addicted to pain killers".
The Nikkei share average dipped 0.1 per cent but the yen rose slightly, after the G7 omitted any reference to the currency's strength in its final communique.
The yen's 24 per cent rise against Japan's key trading partners in the quarter has added to the pain for big exporters such as Toyota and Panasonic. The big slide in Japanese GDP in the October-December quarter was its second-worst in modern times, lagging only a 3.4 per cent contraction in 1974, after the first Middle East oil crisis.
The contraction was bigger than economists' median forecast of a 3.1 per cent fall and also worse than the downturn ensnaring all other major economic powers in the same quarter.
The eurozone GDP shrank 1.5 per cent, its deepest contraction on record, while the United States economy shrank just under 1 per cent in the quarter (an annual rate of 3.8 per cent).
A plunge in exports was the main culprit behind the massive Japanese contraction. External demand slashed GDP by 3.0 percentage points in the quarter.
The subsequent build-up in inventories of unsold cars, flat-screen TVs and many other goods has forced Japanese manufacturers to halt factory lines, pushing industrial production off a cliff.
The sharp deterioration has prompted big exporters to cut jobs and threatened their small suppliers, sending company bankruptcies sky-rocketing and raising worries that the country's already fragile consumption could sputter even more.
The government, deeply unpopular with voters and facing an election this year, has so far set out two stimulus packages, and Japanese media said ruling parties were eyeing a third one that could include up to 30 trillion yen ($327 billion) in fiscal spending.
However, with parts of the previous packages stuck in Japan's deeply fractious parliament and with prime minister Taro Aso's popularity in deep decline, doubts are growing over how long he can survive.
Wary of mounting problems for Japan's economy, the BOJ has nudged interest rates down near zero, taken some unconventional steps including buying of commercial paper, and set up a new funding scheme using corporate debt as collateral.
The BOJ, which meets again this week, said last month it expected the economy to contract this fiscal year and in the year from April as consumer prices fall for two years.
Reuters