The deaths of more than 300 people this week in religious violence prompted by the introduction of Islamic sharia law in northern Nigeria have brought fresh warnings that Africa's most populous country is fracturing.
Nigeria's principal Islamic leader, the Sultan of Sokoto, warned that the bloody clashes between Muslims and Christians in Kaduna posed a "dangerous and very serious threat".
In a televised address, President Olusegun Obasanjo said ethnic and religious violence - which has claimed more than 1,000 lives since democracy was restored last May - threatened Nigeria's revival after years of military rule which plundered the country of its wealth.
"To be engaged in activities that so unsettle public peace is not only criminal but highly unpatriotic, particularly now that the international community is beginning to regain its confidence in our nation," he said.
But Gen Obasanjo's critics, who include some of the parliamentary leaders of his own People's Democratic Party, say he is also to blame for the crisis. They accuse him of running an "imperial presidency", and say he remains aloof from the ethnic and religious tensions while concentrating on solving Nigeria's enormous economic problems and staving off the threat of another military coup.
In particular, they say his failure to take a public stand on critical issues such as the introduction of sharia law - which bans alcohol and adultery - in some Muslim-dominated states has exacerbated the crisis by giving the impression the government is not interested in the concerns of ordinary Nigerians.
On Wednesday, the National Assembly called on President Obasanjo to make a "categorical statement" on the adoption of Islamic laws.
Many Nigerians fear that if the violence escalates, or if the country appears to be breaking up, there are always military men waiting for an excuse to seize power.
In an interview before the latest bloodshed, President Obasanjo acknowledged ethnic and religious tensions were increasing, but insisted they would die down as the government turned around the economy.
"A lot of this violence happens because when you push people to that crescendo over an issue you have trouble pulling them back. But what leads to division and conflict is inequality. We have to tackle that first," he said.
"We are already improving the economy. We have stabilised the currency. We have raised foreign exchange reserves. Inflation has gone from 14 to 8 per cent. We know there is a lot of poverty. There are problems with education and water supply. But things are moving."
Even Gen Obasanjo's critics acknowledge that in the past nine months he has achieved some notable successes. He took advantage of the near-total disgrace of the army, and his own position as a former general and military ruler, to dismiss almost an entire layer of corrupt senior officers with barely a murmur of protest.
Gen Obasanjo's anti-corruption programme has also been praised for sending the right message, even if it has a long way to go before significantly curbing graft. But the President is virtually at war with parliament, which has passed just one Bill in nine months, and he accuses its members of wanting to be bribed.
"The National Assembly has a problem," Gen Obasanjo said. "The average age of the members is probably 29 or 30. They have power without knowledge or experience, which is dangerous. They seem to get carried away by emotion or personal interest."
The President's advisers say he is so dissatisfied with the National Assembly that he will use his powers to bypass it if its members fail to co-operate. Some parliamentarians, who say he has already carried out his threat, have threatened to impeach him for allegedly disregarding every other arm of government and the courts, after his administration ignored an order to release a former senior army officer arrested for corruption.
There is also considerable bitterness among representatives from the Niger Delta over the heavy-handed use of the army to deal with unrest in the oil-rich region, particularly in the village of Odi, where soldiers massacred several hundred people and destroyed every house.
But Gen Obasanjo denies that he is out of touch. "All the things I have done for the last eight months have been nothing but populist.
"Democracy is a means to an end, not an end in itself. If I go to my village and say I will bring you democracy they will say I am mad. But if I say I will bring you piped water and tarred roads because of democracy they will want to hear about it."