It was, recalls Atsufumi Yoshizawa, a suicide mission, volunteering to return to a radioactive nuclear power plant on the verge of tipping out of control. As he said goodbye to his colleagues they saluted him, like soldiers in battle. The wartime analogies were hard to avoid: in the international media, he was a kamikaze, a samurai or simply one of the heroic Fukushima 50. The descriptions still embarrass him.
“I’m not a hero,” he says. “I was just trying to do my job.
A stoic, soft-spoken man dressed in the blue utility suit of his embattled employer, Tokyo Electric Power Co, or Tepco, Yoshizawa still finds it hard to dredge up memories of fighting to stop catastrophe at the Fukushima Daiichi plant.
Two years later debate still rages about responsibility for the planet’s worst nuclear disaster since Chernobyl, and its impact. Fish caught near the plant this month were more than 5,000 times over safe radiation limits, according to NHK, Japan’s state broadcaster.
A report this week by the World Health Organisation says that female infants affected by the worst of the fallout have a 70 per cent higher risk of developing thyroid cancer but concludes that overall risks for the rest of the population are low.
More than 160,000 people have been displaced from their homes near the plant, perhaps permanently, and are fighting for proper compensation. Stress, divorce and suicides plague the evacuees.
Yoshizawa feels “deep responsibility” for the crisis his company triggered. His eyes brim with tears at points in his story, which begins with the magnitude-9 underwater quake, 150km from the plant, on March 11th, 2011.
“It was so strong I fell on my hands and knees,” says the 54-year-old engineer. “There was no place to hide.”
The quake’s shock waves ripped pipes from walls, bounced parked cars like toys and buckled roads at the 350-hectare plant. Initially, Yoshizawa believed the Daiichi’s defensive engineering had worked.
The instant the tremors struck, control rods were automatically inserted into the plant’s three working reactors to shut down nuclear fission, a process known as scram. But the shaking had cut power from the main electricity grid, probably damaging the cooling system to reactor 1, and a destructive tsunami more than twice as high as the plant’s defences was just 49 minutes away.
Yoshizawa was in charge of reactors 5 and 6, which were shut down for maintenance. He ran to the plant's seismic isolation building and took his post beside Masao Yoshida, the plant manager, trying to assess the damage.
In the windowless bunker, they couldn't see the tsunami that hit the complex. Waves up to 15m high washed over the 5.7m seawall. Water flooded the basements of the turbine buildings, on the ocean side of the reactors, shorting electric switching units and disabling 12 of the 13 emergency generators and then backup batteries, the last line of defence.
Meltdown had begun
There was no power to pump water to the nuclear core and carry off the heat, or even measure radiation. The engineers had lost control over the complex – meltdown had begun.
Yoshizawa recalls hearing the first reports inside the bunker of oil tanks and cars floating in water outside. “I just couldn’t imagine a tsunami that big,” he says.
The crisis quickly deepened. Just over 15 hours after the power loss, uranium fuel melted through the pressure vessel of reactor 1. Units 2 and 3 were not far behind. Thousands fled from nearby towns and villages.
There was no plan for what to do next because Tepco had never predicted total loss of power at a plant.
Most of Daiichi’s employees had gone home to check on their families. Yoshizawa says he thought of two things: “The safety of my workers and the complete shutdown of the power plant.”
His own wife and two daughters were safe in Yokohama, hundreds of kilometres south. There was no question of panic or of running back to see them, he says.
“It might seem strange to others, but it’s natural for us to put our company first. It’s part of the mind and spirit of Tepco workers to deal with emergencies.”
The engineer says he moved offsite for a few days to a disaster-response building in the town of Okuma, 5km away. But on March 15th and 16th, 2011, the situation at Daiichi reached its most critical.
A series of hydrogen explosions had left much of the complex a tangled mess of radioactive concrete and steel. Unit 3 had exploded; three reactors were in meltdown and more than 1,000 fuel rods in the reactor 4 building, normally covered by five metres of water, had boiled dry, raising the spectre of a nuclear-fission chain reaction.
In his darkest moments, Yoshizawa says, he shared the same fear as other experts: that the crisis could also trigger the evacuation of the Fukushima Daini plant, 10km away.
About 250km south, in Tokyo, the government feared a nightmare scenario: a vast toxic cloud heading towards the world's most populated metropolis. Rumours swirled that Tepco was preparing to completely pull out its staff from the Daiichi plant, leaving it to spin out of control.
Rumour circulating
But Yoshizawa denies this. "We never intended to abandon our jobs," he says. "At the time that rumour was circulating I was volunteering to go back."
He recalls despairing of the situation. “Most people thought we would not be coming back from the plant,” he says, on the verge of tears.
In the media, the “Fukushima 50” were born, although Yoshizawa says the real figure was about 70 men, mainly middle aged. “We had all resolved to stay till the end.”
Throughout the following weeks on the front line of the crisis, the men endured brutal conditions. Deliveries stalled, food almost ran out, and water was restricted to a single 500ml bottle every two days.
Working in shifts, surviving on biscuits and sleeping when he could inside the radiation-proofed bunker, Yoshizawa lost weight and grew a beard.
As elite firefighters got water to the overheating reactors, the collective psyche inside the bunker lightened and the dreaded words oshimai da ("it's the end") were no longer heard.
Exhausted and dishevelled on his first trip back to a sunny Tokyo a month after the quake, he was startled to find life going on as normal. Public recognition or even gratitude for the ordeal endured by Yoshizawa and his colleagues is scarce. Most are still employed by a company disgraced by revelations that it had repeatedly ignored warnings about the risks of natural disaster.
Taxpayers will have to bear the cost of cleaning up from the accident, as Tepco was nationalised last year. Not a single manager has been held accountable for what happened. The utility’s rehabilitation has been hampered by fresh stories that it had misled investigators before an onsite check of reactor 1, lying that the reactor building was “too dark” for inspection.
Some critics suspect the company was trying to conceal evidence of damage from the earthquake, an issue with potentially profound implications for restarting Japan’s 50 commercial reactors, most of which are shut down.
It took the government 18 months to publicly acknowledge Yoshizawa and his comrades, when Yoshihiko Noda, as prime minister, officially thanked them last October.
Most were not identified or even named, testimony both to the trauma Fukushima has inflicted on Japan’s collective psyche and to a deep-seated cultural reluctance to grandstand while others suffer. Some of the men fear reprisals or bullying of their children in school.
A police van is permanently parked outside the company's headquarters in Tokyo. Tepco itself is reluctant to wheel the Fukushima 50 in front of the media, for fear of what they might reveal about what happened – Yoshizawa is shadowed throughout his interviews by a PR minder.
Praises the company
But if he nurses any bitterness towards his employer, he never reveals it. He praises the company for providing counselling to the former Daiichi workers, as well as regular health checks: a select list of employees who absorbed potentially harmful amounts of radiation qualify for unlimited aftercare.
His own final tally of internal exposure was 50 millisieverts, the upper annual limit in the US for nuclear-plant workers.
Now dealing with waste and fuel management, and back at Tepco headquarters, he says the work at the plant has far from ended. “Nobody has any experience of trying to safely extract nuclear fuel after such an accident.” British and US engineers are helping, he says, in a collective effort that will take many years.
He gets uncomfortable when he returns to Fukushima and has to remember the crisis. His family never discusses what happened.
“My wife and children have already seen so much on TV that they don’t want to see or hear anything more about it. Occasionally they will ask me if I’m okay, and I tell them what I tell you: I don’t have any problems.”
