He calls himself "Tyson", wears tattered US army fatigues and carries a beat-up AK-47. He is a rebel fighter in the mountains of Nicaragua, setting ambushes against President Daniel Ortega's government and longing for the days when covert US funding paid for overt warfare.
Tyson and his men are contras – yes, like the ones from the 1980s who received stealth funding during the Reagan administration to topple Ortega's leftist Sandinista government. That war ended more than 25 years ago, when Ortega lost at the polls. But since being re-elected in 2006, Ortega has come to rule over this Central American nation in sweeping fashion.
He has developed the economy and minted new millionaires, but also outraged a broad array of opponents who condemn his tight control over elections, Congress, the police, the military and the courts.
Ortega’s family, friends and allies enjoy newfound luxuries like beachfront homes and expensive cars. They control fuel companies, television stations and public construction projects, and have opened a bank in a vast conglomerate that has many critics comparing his family to the right-wing Somoza dynasty that Ortega helped topple in 1979.
And now rebels are vowing to do the same to him. "Daniel Ortega wasn't anything, and now he owns half of Nicaragua," Tyson said. The contras of today, often nicknamed "the rearmed", are a shadow of what they once were. They complain they are broke and say the reason they are not more successful is that they do not have international aid, as they did during the Reagan administration.
Still, skirmishes in rural areas around the country as recently as last week have left police officers, civilians and soldiers dead, a violent expression of the broader anger brewing against the government. Though Ortega enjoys strong support among the poor, he was widely criticised for constitutional changes that repealed term limits, allowing him to run for a third consecutive term this year. Students, opposition politicians and other protesters flock to the elections board every Wednesday to rally against his consolidation of power.
“It’s a legitimate social cause,” Gonzalo Carrión, the director of the Nicaraguan Centre for Human Rights, said of the protests against Ortega. The government denies that politically motivated rebels in the country still exist, despite occasional attacks on police stations and the killings of Sandinistas and known contras. Even when a caravan of Sandinistas was attacked by gunmen after an anniversary celebration in 2014, leaving five dead and 19 wounded, the authorities blamed “criminal groups” for the massacre.
“There are no armed groups in this country,” Julio César Avilés, the army chief, was widely quoted saying last year. “I have said it on multiple occasions.” Human rights organisations accuse the armed forces of a secret assassination campaign. Last summer, a man known as a rebel leader was ambushed and killed in his house. Two people were also killed last year when a backpack sent to rebels by a trusted courier exploded.
‘Dirty war’
The most notorious contra leader was gunned down in 2011, and his successor was found full of bullets in a ditch in Honduras a year later.
“It is a silent, dirty war that is not recognised,” said Abelardo Mata, a Catholic bishop who has served as something of a mediator between the two sides. Without any nations backing the rebels, he added, some of them “have resorted” to raising money by working for drug trafficking organisations.
In a video posted on Facebook last month, a rebel leader claimed that at least 45 different groups had taken up arms and would attack state institutions until the Ortega administration held fair elections. But other rebels admit their numbers are dwindling.
“The army is killing people who were contras in the past,” said José N Rodríguez (38), who was injured in the backpack bombing last year. “They are mounting operations against us by paying off civilians. It is very difficult to win if they pay people off.”
Rafael Antonio Lanzas, a contra rebel who lost his right eye in the backpack bombing, agreed, saying, “There are not so many fighters, because they are killing them.” Recovering in a hideout, the men said they had joined the rebels because they felt targeted for their conservative political beliefs, so they dug up rifles that had been buried for decades. Their mission, Lanzas said, often involves proselytising about the newfound riches of the Ortega family and its associates.
Venezuela has provided Nicaragua with hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of oil a year on preferential terms, and the government acknowledges that much of it is invested in private companies closely tied to the Ortega family and its allies.
“To me, it seems they are stealing from the Venezuelans,” said Carrión, the human rights advocate. “They did not struggle to be chumps.” The economic turmoil battering Venezuela may prove a much bigger threat to the Ortegas than the fledgling rebels. Even so, the oil that Nicaragua has already received in recent years has reshaped the image, and the lifestyles, of the leftist Sandinistas who overthrew a dictatorship in the 1970s.
"We started seeing people in the hierarchy of the ruling party buying luxury cars and $350,000 (€317,000) houses in cash," said Octavio Enríquez, an award-winning reporter at Confidencial, a news magazine. "We started to see a new social class."
The head of the elections agency, Roberto Rivas, has a luxurious seaside house with a helipad. The home was once featured on the television show "House Hunters" and has been expanded considerably since then, local news outlets have reported. Rivas imported more than $400,000 in luxury vehicles in 2009 alone, the opposition newspaper La Prensa disclosed.
Ortega’s children and some of their spouses hold top leadership posts at television stations acquired by the government under murky circumstances. His daughter-in-law runs the national chain of gas stations that receives Venezuelan oil. One of Ortega’s sons, Laureano, who works for the government’s investment promotion agency, was photographed wearing a $47,000 Rolex.
The Sandinista party treasurer, Francisco López, runs the state-owned oil company and a quasi-public entity that has doled out contracts to his own family company to build houses for the poor, Confidencial has reported. Like several other officials, López did not respond to requests for an interview.
“I would see him coming in from his trips to Venezuela with a diplomatic valise filled with cash,” said Rodrigo Obregón, who worked as a manager at the quasi-public company and attended high school with López. “He and members of his family would close the door and count all night.”
Obregón said he lost his job when he refused to sign a rosy audit of the company's finances. "The Ortega-Murillo family is getting richer while the country people starve," a rebel who calls himself Commander Rafael said about the president and his wife, Rosario Murillo. "They don't understand resolving things the nice way. They understand weapons."
The president’s office did not respond to repeated requests for comment. But Bayardo Arce, the president’s economic adviser, who was an original member of the Sandinista directorate during its first time in power, dismissed the issue of Sandinista wealth as a controversy manufactured by the opposition.
Arce defended the use of Venezuelan oil money to fund private companies as a new way of using international development funds, no more improper than the millions of dollars in aid that the United States gives to Nicaraguan civic groups to promote democracy, human rights and governance.
He said the Ortega administration must be doing something right. In January, the World Bank projected Nicaragua's economy to grow by 4.2 percent in 2016, one of the highest rates in Latin America. "Our No 1 goal is to take this country out of poverty," Arce said. "Who decided that the person who believes in social justice has to be barefoot?"
Social projects
Arce, a successful businessman, lives in a handsome home recently built on a 12-acre property confiscated during the war. Though middle-class protesters in the city and contras in the countryside are deeply sceptical of the wealth that has revolved around Ortega, polls show that the president enjoys strong support.
It is no wonder: 38 per cent of the Venezuelan oil is used to fund social projects. More than 35,000 houses have been distributed among the poor in the past two years, according to a government website. World Bank statistics show that the poverty level dropped 6 percentage points from 2005 to 2009.
“He might have an expensive car, but the other presidents before him had their luxuries but did not help the people,” Veronica Aguilar (55), said of Ortega.
Aguilar said she met Ortega in person when she signed up for Houses for the People, a government programme that distributes houses to the poor at favourable prices. “He came over and said ‘Hello,’ like he knew me!” she said.
Her experience underscores the difficulty the rebels face. Few people have a stomach for more war. Many low-income people have benefited from Ortega’s administration and are hardly bothered by complaints about its excesses.
“I won the lottery!” said Ileana Rivas (62), Aguilar’s neighbour. She said she got her house by calling a government agency – and the first lady called her back personally. “You don’t see those pathetic cases of desperate people in the street that you saw 10, 15 years ago,” said Alejandro Martínez, a successful Sandinista businessman who is also an economist. “There is a distribution of wealth to people who were marginalised before.”
The rebels are not buying it. In a sign of the new allegiance the socialist administration has to the country’s richest people, the government has lifted import taxes for luxury items such as yachts and helicopters. “Nobody goes to war because they like it,” said Tyson, the rebel. “The Nicaraguan people are getting robbed.”
New York Times
