Born April 1st, 1919
Died August 23rd, 2017
Jeannie de Clarens, an amateur spy who passed a wealth of information to the British about the development of the V1 and V2 rockets during the second World War and survived stays in three concentration camps for her activities, died on August 23rd in Montaigu, southeast of Nantes, France. She was 98.
The death was confirmed by her son, Pascal.
In 1943 Jeannie Rousseau, as she was then known, was an interpreter in Paris for an association of French businessmen, representing their interests and helping them negotiate contracts with the German occupiers. She was young and attractive and she spoke flawless German. She was a favourite with the German officers, who were completely unaware that the woman they knew as Madeleine Chauffour had been reporting to a French intelligence network, the Druids, organised by the Resistance.
Getting wind of a secret weapons project, she made it her mission to be on hand when the topic was discussed by the Germans, coaxing information through charm and guile.
"I teased them, taunted them, looked at them wide-eyed, insisted that they must be mad when they spoke of the astounding new weapon that flew over vast distances, much faster than any airplane," she told The Washington Post in 1998. "I kept saying, 'What you are telling me cannot be true!' I must have said that 100 times."
One officer, eager to convince her, let her look at drawings of the rockets.
Most of what she heard was incomprehensible. But, blessed with a near-photographic memory, she repeated it in detail to her recruiter, Georges Lamarque, at a safe house on the Left Bank.
In London, intelligence analysts, led by Reginald V Jones, marvelled at the quality of the information they were receiving from Paris, notably a startling document called the Wachtel Report. Delivered in September 1943, it identified the German officer in charge of the rocket programme, Col Max Wachtel; gave precise details about operations at the testing plant in Peenemünde, on the Baltic coast in Pomerania; and showed planned launch locations along the coast from Brittany to the Netherlands.
Relying on this information, the British organised several bombing raids against the plant, which delayed development of the V2 and spared untold thousands of lives in London.
In 1940-1944: The Secret History of the Atlantic Wall (2003), historian Rémy Desquesnes called the Wachtel Report a "masterpiece in the history of intelligence gathering". When Jones asked who had sent the report, he was told that the source was known only by the code name Amniarix and that "she was one of the most remarkable young women of her generation".
Jeannie Yvonne Ghislaine Rousseau was born April 1st, 1919, in Saint-Brieuc, in Brittany. Her father, Jean, a veteran of the first World War, was a senior official with the foreign ministry and, after retiring, the mayor of the 17th Arrondissement in Paris, on the Right Bank. Her mother was the former Marie Le Charpentier.
Adept at languages, Rousseau performed brilliantly at the elite Sciences Po, graduating at the top of her class in 1939. When war broke out, her father moved the family to Dinard, in Brittany, which he thought would be beyond the reach of the Germans.
When the occupying forces arrived, Rousseau agreed to act as an interpreter for town officials and kept her ears open. "The Germans still wanted to be liked then," she told the Post. "They were happy to talk to someone who could speak to them."
In September 1940, an unidentified man asked her if she might be willing to share the information she gleaned from her conversations with the Germans. "What's the point of knowing all that, if not to pass it on?" she recalled telling him, in her interview with the Post.
As German suspicions grew, she was arrested in January 1941 and interrogated at the prison in Rennes. She was released for lack of evidence and ordered to leave the region.
She returned to Paris and, soon after finding translation work with the businessmen’s association, ran into Lamarque, a former classmate, on a train. She described her job. Lamarque mentioned that he was organising “a little outfit” to gather intelligence and invited her to join.
Debriefing
Shortly before the Normandy invasion in June 1944, the British tried to evacuate “Amniarix” to London for a debriefing. She and two fellow spies drove to Tréguier, in Brittany, where a contact was to guide them through minefields to a waiting boat. Unfortunately, the day before the rendezvous, their contact had been arrested.
After getting out of the car and walking toward the meeting place, Rousseau was arrested. As two soldiers walked her back to the car, she began speaking loudly in German, a tip-off that allowed one of her fellow agents to escape. The other agent refused to flee, fearing that when the Nazis found out that he was from Tréguier they would inflict savage reprisals on the town.
Rousseau was interrogated in Rennes, but prison officials did not make the connection between her real name and her assumed surname, Chauffour.
She was sent to Ravensbrück, the women’s concentration camp, where bureaucratic bungling again came to her aid. She gave her real name to camp officials, who never made the connection between her and the dossier, sent separately, that identified “Madeleine Chauffour” as part of an espionage ring.
She was later sent to Torgau, a camp in Saxony attached to a munitions and explosives factory, along with 500 other prisoners. Determined to take a stand, she approached the camp commander and announced, in German, that she and her fellow Frenchwomen were prisoners of war and that under the Geneva Convention they could not be made to manufacture weapons.
She was sent back to Ravensbrück, where befuddled officials, after failing to determine who exactly Jeannie Rousseau was, sent her to a punishment camp in Königsberg, which she described tersely as “a very bad place”.
It was so bad that she and two friends concealed themselves in a truck carrying prisoners with typhus back to the gas chambers at Ravensbrück. Arriving at the camp, they sneaked into the barracks.
The ruse worked only briefly. An informer gave them up, and they were sent for harsh treatment to an inner prison, where they were given half rations and assigned to the dirtiest work details.
Rousseau was close to death when the Swedish Red Cross came to the camp in 1945, in the waning weeks of the war, with a list of prisoners, Rousseau among them, whose release they had negotiated.
While being treated for tuberculosis, she met Henri de Clarens, a fellow patient who had been imprisoned in Buchenwald and Auschwitz. They married. Henri de Clarens, a bank manager, died in 1995.
In addition to her son, she is survived by a daughter, Ariane de Clarens, and four grandchildren.